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Quality Management Tools

 

Measurement Tools - Flowchartss & Graphss

 

Measurement Tools are an integral component to the Continual Improvement Process of an ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems Program.

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Flowchart - Admininstration/Service Emergency Department (E.D.) Radiology Processlc

E.D. Physician

Requests X-Ray

Down

Complete Computer Generated Form  if Available

No - Right

 

Obtain Form

Right

Hand Write Patient Demographic Information

Down

Left

Left

Left

Left

Patient able to go to X-Ray unassisted

No - Right

Obtains Escort

Right

Escort  Patient to X-Ray

Yes - Down

Left

Left

Left

Left

Patient  Arrives

Down

Requisition is given to Clerk

Down

Requisition is Complete

No - Right

Call E.D. for Information

Right

Complete Form

Yes - Down

Left

Left

Left

Left

Clerk Registers Patient

Down

Etc.

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Flowchart - Manufacturing - PC Board Flow

Input

Down

Incoming Material - component , P.C. Board & Inspection

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Vendor Repair Use as is

Pass - Down

Auto Insertion

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework/Scrap

Pass - Down

Hand Assembly

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework

Pass - Down

Wave Solder and Cleaning

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework/Scrap

Pass - Down

Post Assembly Touch-up

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework/Scrap

Pass - Down

Auto Test

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework/Scrap

Pass - Down

Final Inspection

Pass - Left

Fail - Right

Rework/Scrap

Down

Output

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Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone Diagram) - PC Board Yield

Manpower

Methods

1

4a

2

4b

3a

3b

5b

5a

PC

6

8a

10

7

8b

9

Materials

Machinery

 

Contents

ManPower

1. Wave Solder Operator

2. Auto Test Operator

3. Assembly Groups

3a. Manual

3b. Auto

Methods

4. Insertion

4a. Manual

4b. Auto

5 Solder

5a. Hand

5b. Wave

Materials

6. Boards

7. Components

Machinery

8. Auto Test

8a. Fixtures

8b. Programs

9 Wave Solder

10Auto Insertion

 

The Cause and Effect Diagram was developed to represent the relationship between some “effects” and all the probable “causes”influencing it.

Cause and Effect Diagrams are drawn to clearly illustrate the various causes effecting a process by sorting out and relating the causes. For every effect there are likely to be several major categories of causes.

The major causes may be summarized under four categories referred to as the the “4 M’s”: Manpower, Machines (Equipment), Methods and Materials. In administrative areas, the “4 M’s”: Policies, Procedures, People and Plant.

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Check Sheet - Manufacturing - Bearing Defects

Defect

1st Qtr.

2nd Qtr.

3rd Qtr.

4th Qtr.

Totals

Too Lardge

III

I

IIII

IIIII  III

16

Too Small

IIIII

III

I

IIII

13

Too Rough

I

III

III

II

9

Other

III

IIIII

II

I

11

Totals

12

12

10

15

49

Check Sheet - Gathering data based on sample observations in order to establish patterns. Check sheets are used to determine  how often particular events occur.

 

Developing a Check Sheet:

1. Determine what event is to be observed.

2. Determine what type of system should be used for data collection. E.g. every time the event in question happens, by batch or time period etc..

3. Design a clear and concise form that is easy to understand.

4. Collect data consistently and honestly.

5. Make sure time is allotted for this task.

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Pareto Chart - Defects found during In-Process Inspection - Drive Shaft

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

O

 

Contents

A - Run Out

F - Shaft Diameter

B - Contour

G - ST Contour

C - Profile

H - Flowed Shaft Diameter

D - Workmanship

O - Other

E - Radius

 

A Pareto Chart is a special form of vertical bars in a graphic format which helps determine which problems to solve and in what order to address them.

Check Sheet data can easily be converted over to a much more manageable format using the Pareto Chart.

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Pie Chart - Survey on ”Noise Pollution” Concern in Urban Centers

 

65%

 

 

Concer

 

 

ned

 

12%

Do Not

Care

500

People

Surveyed

 

23%

 

 

Find No

 

 

Problem

 

 

Pie Charts are graphs where the whole 360 degree circle represents 100-% of the data to be displayed. The circle or pie is divided into slices or percentages. This type of approach can be very useful for visual representations of data.

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Run Chart (Manufacturing Example) - Printed Circuit Boards Accepted on First Test - Three Years 

1st Year

2nd Year

3rd Year

%

0

0

9

0

8

0

-

-

-

-

-

A

v

g

-

-

-

-

7

0

-

-

A

v

g

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6

0

5

0

4

0

3

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

v

g

-

2

0

1

0

0

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

a

e

a

p

a

u

u

u

e

c

o

e

a

e

a

p

a

u

u

u

e

c

o

e

a

e

a

p

a

u

u

u

e

c

o

e

n

b

r

r

y

n

l

g

p

t

v

c

n

b

r

r

y

n

l

g

p

t

v

c

n

b

r

r

y

n

l

g

p

t

v

c

 

Run Charts - are used to visually represent data. They are used to monitor a process to see whether or not a long range average is changing. Run Charts are the simplest tools to construct and use. Points are plotted on the graph in the order in which they become available. It is common to graph the results of a process such as machine down time, yield, scrap , typographical errors or productivity as they vary over time.

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Web Sites of Interest

Christian Computing Magazine

www.soundofmajesty